Tuesday, October 15, 2024

Transistors for Digital Computing





jdvillal/8-bit_CPUemu @GitHub, Java, no license



transistors to be the basic building blocks of computer hardware.

transistor is an electronic device that has three ends: a source, a sink, and a gate.


AND

XYZ
000
010
100
111



Using transistors as building blocks, we can build larger circuits that perform interesting (logical) operations.

 we can construct the main logic functions ANDOR, and NOT using transistors.

Our first example is the NOT circuit. 

NOT

X Z
0 1
1 0


OR

X Y Z
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

AND

X Y Z
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1


In mathematics and mathematical logic, Boolean algebra is a branch of algebra. It differs from elementary algebra in two ways. First, the values of the variables are the truth values true and false, usually denoted 1 and 0, whereas in elementary algebra the values of the variables are numbers. Second, Boolean algebra uses logical operators such as conjunction (and) denoted as ∧, disjunction (or) denoted as ∨, and negation (not) denoted as ¬. Elementary algebra, on the other hand, uses arithmetic operators such as addition, multiplication, subtraction, and division. Boolean algebra is therefore a formal way of describing logical operations in the same way that elementary algebra describes numerical operations.


how many transistors are in typical new phone - Google Search

The average smartphone processor has around 10 billion transistors.
However, the number of transistors in a phone can vary depending on the model:

Apple A7: 1 billion transistors
Apple A8: 2 billion transistors
Apple A9: 3 billion transistors
Apple A10X: 4 billion transistors
Apple A12: 6.9 billion transistors
Apple A14 Bionic: 11.8 billion transistors
Apple A17: 19 billion transistors
Intel i9 processor: 4.2 billion transistors
Apple M1 Max: 57 billion transistors
Apple M2 Ultra: 134 billion transistors

As of 2023, the highest transistor count in flash memory is Micron's 2 terabyte (3D-stacked) 16-die, 232-layer V-NAND flash memory chip, with 5.3 trillion floating-gate MOSFETs (3 bits per transistor).



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